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The differences between bosons (ghost-like particles such as photons, which possess whole-integer spin) and fermions (“normal” particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons with ½ integer spin) sounds simple enough, but it’s truly not. While the line between Bosons and Fermions seems both clear and definite – like the distinction between fire and water – there are some pretty strange exceptions to the rule.

Spin Addition

Individual electrons, protons and neutrons – those most basic elements of every atom, are all fermions, unquestionably so. However, if the true test of whether a particle is a fermion or boson lies in its spin number, then at those certain times when an even number of fermions get together to form a system, one must conclude that the sum total of their spin states creates a bosonic system, as two ½ integers added together always equal a whole number.

As a result, one should expect to see properties of bosons being displayed in certain types of atoms. Conversely when an odd number of fermions come together the fermionic properties remain. Using these same principles, no matter how many bosons may form together into a quantum system, the sum total, by way of simple arithmetic, will always remain a boson (though bosons don’t exactly interact with each other, so this point is rendered moot).

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